Cyclic-di-GMP 是 STING 的激动剂也是一个可以调节不同细菌物种的生物膜形成，运动性和毒力的第二信使。

Danicopan (ACH-4471,) is a highly potent, orally active Factor D inhibitor with Kd of 0.54 nM.

A potent, selective, orally availale C5aR (CD88) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.1 nM.

SDMA (Symmetric dimethylarginine) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity.

FTY720 (Fingolimod, Gilenya) is a S1P antagonist with IC50 of 0.033 nM.

Celecoxib is a selective Cox-2 inhibitor (IC50 of 40 nM). Celecoxib shows low sensitivity against Cox-1 (IC50 of 15 μM). Celecoxib shows an anti-proliferative effect on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines including HNE1 (IC50of 32.86 μM) and CNE1-LM