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ETC-1002(ESP-55016) is a novel, first-in-class, orally available, once-daily LDL-C lowering small molecule; activator of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); also has potent inhibitory activity against hepatic ATP-citrate lyase(IC50=29 uM).
in vitro: ETC-1002 free acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase in a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase β-independent and liver kinase β 1-dependent manner, without detectable changes in adenylate energy charge. Furthermore, ETC-1002 is shown to rapidly form a CoA thioester in liver, which directly inhibits ATP-citrate lyas. In cells treated with ETC-1002, increased levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation coincided with reduced activity of MAP kinases and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines .
in vivo: Activation of hepatic AMPK with ETC-1002 treatment from the two-week Wistar rat study was not associated with altered hepatic AEC. however, ETC-1002 treatment coincided with a 70% reduction in hepatic TG, while low basal levels of CE and FC remained insensitive to treatment. Importantly, reductions in liver TG content was accompanied by 51% increase in plasma β-HBA, indicating enhanced liver fatty acid β-oxidation . ETC-1002 suppressed thioglycollate-induced homing of leukocytes into mouse peritoneal cavity. Similarly, in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, ETC-1002 restored adipose AMPK activity, reduced JNK phosphorylation, and diminished expression of macrophage-specific marker 4F/80.
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